Distributive Justice Inequality in Virtue Ethics and...

Inequality in Virtue Ethics and Ethical Egoism Distributive justice attempts to limit economic inequalities that may arise in a society and is often associated with a minimum standard of living. While political equality concerns a citizens political power, economic equality is commonly equated to equal opportunity, though the two are not mutually exclusive (Justice and Equality). In this paper I will explore the virtues of charity, tolerance, and empathy, considering their potential contribution to the reduction of inequality. I will begin by showing how reducing inequality is beneficial to both individuals and society and is in the individuals true self-interest. In the first section, I will examine how the thinkers Aristotle,†¦show more content†¦Aristotle acknowledged that luck plays a role in an individuals well-being. In Politics he states, â€Å"It is evident that everyone aims at living well and at happiness. But while some can achieve these ends, others, whether bec ause of luck or because of something in their nature, cannot† (Steinberger). Inequalities may arise by chance, out of the individuals control, and through no fault of their own or defect of character. The effects of luck on the individual may be exacerbated or tempered depending on their available resources. â€Å"The happy person,† Aristotle says, â€Å" is the one whose actives accord with complete virtue, with an adequate supply of external goods, not for just any time but for a complete life† (Irwin). Individuals lacking resources are unable to achieve the virtuous or happy life and may be at greatest risk of suffering misfortune, adding to inequality. The community of the Greek polis likely influenced Aristotles perspective on inequality, lending itself to a more compassionate view than other thinkers. Private property and appropriation based on individual investment of labor also leads to potential inequality. In Second Treatise of Government, Locke posits that â€Å"the labor of his body [†¦] are properly his† (Steinberger). An individual creates private property through their labor and the products of their labor are therefor their private property. Locke argues that initially there was a surplus of common goods which an individual would notShow MoreRelatedSears Auto Center Scandal1475 Words   |  6 PagesLGST001 Ââ€" Ethics and Social Responsibility Sears Auto Center Scandal Managing Business Ethics Text (pp.207 - 210) Ethical Decision-making Issue: Should Sears remove its commission-based compensation scheme? Group Stand: The majority of the group believes that Ellen should be removed from the team. Support for Motion: Rawls theory/Egalitarianism The underlying inequality is that car owners are paying for repair services they do not require while Sears benefits by earning higherRead MoreWage Variance Acceptable And Ethical Inequality2370 Words   |  10 Pagesworker s income in the United States. In comparison, the pay ratios in Japan and Germany were 17 and 23 times greater, respectively. The large difference in these numbers make many wonder whether this observed wage variance acceptable and ethical. Inequality can negatively influence economy and social stability. It leads to the public resentment and the feeling of inequity because only a few are rewarded. It destroys a sense of shared values, initiates misbalance and nurtures US versus THEM mentalityRead MoreThe Philosophy of Happiness11705 Words   |  47 Pagestreatises. But in all of them, we are offered a definition of happiness as activity in accordance with virtue, that is to say, doing well what is worth doing and what we are good at. Aristotle’s definiti on derives from a consideration of the function or characteristic activity (ergon) of human beings. Man must have a function, the 16 Life, Liberty, the Pursuit of Utility Nicomachean Ethics argues, because particular types of men (e.g. sculptors) have a function, and parts and organs of human

HR Planning Free Essays

HR Planning: * The process for ensuring that the HR requirements of an organization are identified and plans are made for satisfying those requirements. * Planning for the personnel needs of an organization based on internal activities and external environment * How many people? What sort of people? Definitions: * HRP determines the human resources required by the organization to achieve its goals. It is â€Å"the process of ensuring that the human resource requirements of an organization are identified and plans are made for satisfying those requirements† – Bulla Scott. We will write a custom essay sample on HR Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the process, â€Å"including forecasting, developing and controlling, by which a firm ensures that it has the right number of people and the right kind of people at the right places at the right time doing the work for which they are economically most useful† – E. B. Geisler. * It is a strategy for the acquisition, utilization, improvement and preservation of the human resources of an enterprise. It is the activity of the management to coordinate the requirements for and the availability of different types of employees. This involves ensuring that the firm has enough of the right kind of people at the right time and also adjusting the requirements to the available supply. Objectives of HR Planning: * To ensure quality and quantity of HR at the right time and the right place * To ensure optimum utilization of human resources * To avoid understaffing and overstaffing Importance: * Reservoir of Talent * Expansion/ Contraction * Cutting costs * Succession Planning MANPOWER PLANNING MAKES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS: MACRO-LEVEL NATIONAL SECTOR – WISE INDUSTRY – WISE MICRO- LEVEL ORGANISATION LEVEL Organizational Objectives Policies: * Downsizing / Expansion * Acquisition / Merger / Sell-out * Technology up gradation / Automation * New Markets New Products * External Vs Internal hiring * Training Re-training * Union Constraints HRP includes four factors: * Quantity- How many people do we need? * Quality- Which skills, knowledge and abilities do we need? * Space-Where do we need the employees? * Time-When do we need the employees and for how long do we need them? Steps in HRP: * Forecasting future people needs * Forecasting the future availability of people * Drawing up plans to match supply with demand HR Demand Forecast: Process of estimating future quantity and quality of manpower required for an organization. * External factors – competition, laws regulation, economic climate, changes in technology and social factors. * Internal factors – budget constraints, production levels, new products services, organizational structure workforce factors. Forecasting Techniques: * Expert forecasts * Trend Analysis * Workforce Analysis * Workload Analysis * Job Analysis Supply Forecasting: * Internal Supply ( Skill Inventory) * Age, gender, education, experience, training, job assignments, past performance, future potential. External Supply Important barometers of Labor Supply: * Net migration into and out of the area * Education Levels of the workforce * Demographic Changes in the population * Technological developments and shifts * National and regional employment rates * Actions of competing employers * Govt. policies, regulations and measures * Economic forecasts for the next few years * Attractiveness of the area/ industry THE PROCESS OF HUMAN RESOUCE PLANNIG GENERAL OVERVIEW: BUSINESS STRATEGIC PLANS RESOURCING STRATEGY PLANNING DEMAND / SUPPLY FORECASTING MANPOWER TURNOVER ANALYSIS WORK ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS HUMAN RESOURCE PLANS OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS RESOURCING RETENTION FLEXIBILITY PRODUCTIVITY WORK ENVIRONMENT THE MANPOWER PLANNING PROCESS–FROM THE ORGANISATIONAL VIEW POINT: COMPANY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIC PLANS MARKET FORECASTS PRODUCTION OBJECTIVES / CAPITAL PROCESS FINANCE PLAN MANPOWER ANALYSIS INVENTORY EMPLOYMENT PRODUCTIVITY ORGANISATION MANPOWER FORECASTS (FUTURE SITUATION) OVERALL UNIT BUDGET MANAGEMENT MANPOWER MANPOWER APPROVAL MANPOWER FORECAST FORECAST ESTIMATES TOP MANAGEMENT APPROVAL MANPOWER OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES MANPOWER PLANS AND PROGRAMMES RECRUITMENT SELECTION, CARER PLANNING, PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT, TRAINING, RETIREMENT ANALYSIS, REDUNDANCIES etc. Formulating HR Plans: * Recruitment Plans * Redeployment Plans * Redundancy Plans * Training Plan * Productivity Plan * Retention Plan Example of the Basic Human Resources Planning Model: Organizational Objectives Human Resource Requirements Human Resource Programs Feasibility Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 Example of the Basic Human Resource Planning Model: Open new product line Open new factory and distribution system Develop staffing for new installation Production workers Supervisors Technical staff Other managers Recruiting and training programs feasible Transfers infeasible because of lack of managers with right skills Recruit skilled workers Develop technical training programs Transfer managers from other facilities Develop new objectives and plans Recruit managers from outside Too costly to hire from outside 1 2 3 4 3 5 Forecasting as a Part of Human Resource Planning: DEMAND FORECASTING SUPPLY FORECASTING Determine organizational objectives Demand forecast for each objective Aggregate demand forecast Does aggregate supply meet aggregate demand? Go to feasibility analysis steps Choose human resource programs External programs Recruiting External selection Executive exchange Internal programs Promotion Transfer Career planning Training Turnover control Internal supply forecast External supply forecast Aggregate supply forecast No Yes Manpower flow in an organization: Inflow Outflow Job Transfers Job recruits Job Relocations Job Hopping Transfers(out) Retirement VRS Scheme Discharge/ Dismissal Termination of service Resignations HR Pool in the Organization Internal Labor Supply: * Analysis of Manning/ Staffing Tables. Replacement Charts- Present incumbents, potential replacements. * Skills Inventory-education, interests, experience, skills, etc. * Succession Planning. * Turnover Analysis. * Wastage Analysis- Retirements, resignation, deaths, dismissals- Labor turnover Index, Stability Index, etc. Trend Analysis: * Projections-Basing it on Organizational Sales * Workforce Analysis- l ast 5 years * Workload Analysis * Job Analysis Job Analysis: * A systematic process by which information is collected and analyzed with respect to tasks, duties and responsibilities of the jobs within the organization * Job Analysis: What is to be done? How is it to be done? * Under what conditions is the job to be done? * What skills, knowledge and competencies are required to perform the job? * Job Content: Duties, responsibilities, job demands, machines, tools, equipment, performance standard * Job Context: Physical, organizational ad social context, working conditions, work schedule * Human Requirement: Job related knowledge, skills, education, experience, personal attributes Components of Job Analysis: Job Description: written summary of the content and context of the job * Job Specification: Written statement of the knowledge, skills and abilities and other human requirements Questions in Job Analysis Interviews: * What is your job? * What are the major duties of your job? * W hat are the responsibilities of your job? * What physical locations do you work in? * Under what environmental conditions do you perform your job? * What are the skills, knowledge and experience requirements of your job? * What are the physical and emotional demands that the job makes on you? * What is the performance standards expected on your job? 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Ufos (1530 words) Essay Example For Students

Ufos (1530 words) Essay UfosWe once believed that Earth is the only planet in the Universe that supports life. Today there is overwhelming evidence that not only suggests, but supports the very real possibility that we may share the Universe with other intelligent beings. I. Things in the Sky A. The First Documented Sighting B. The Fever Spreads 1. Pilot Encounters 2. The Lights in the Sky II. Dents in the Earth III. Unexplained Phenomenon A. The Writing on the Wall B. Geodes IV. What About Religion? A. The Christian Bible B. The Ancient Greeks C. The American Indian V. Conclusion We are not Alone. On June 24th, 1947 while searching for the remains of a downed Marine C-46 transport, lost somewhere in the Mount Ranier area, a young Idahoan businessman named Kenneth Arnold spotted something that would change his life forever. Just north of his position flying at an altitude of 9,500 feet and an unprecedented airspeed of 1,700 mph he spotted nine circular aircraft flying in formation. According to his estimate the aircraft were approximately the size of a DC-4 airliner ( Jackson 4). This account was the first sighting to ever receive a great deal of media attention. This sighting gave birth to the phrase flying Saucer coined by a reporter named Bill Begrette. Although not the first UFO sighting in history, Kenneth Arnolds account is considered to be the first documented UFO sighting. The following day Mr. Arnold discovered that in addition to his sighting there were several others in the Mount Ranier area that same day (Jackson 6). When most of think of UFO sightings we picture an unemployed, half- crazed, alcoholic hick living in a trailer park in the middle small town USA. Often times this description, although a little exaggerated, seems to fit fairly well. In the past when the average person spotted a UFO they were quickly discounted as a kook or con-artist in search of either attention or monetary reward. It wasnt until more reputable figures in our society began to come forward tha t we that we started looking at this issue a little more seriously. An article written 1957, entitled Strange lights over Grenada written by Aime Michel describes just such an account: At 10:35 p.m. on September the 4th, 1957 Cpt Ferreira ordered his wing to abandon a planned exercise and execute a 50 degree turn to port. Ferreira was attempting to get a closer look at what he described as brilliant, pulsating light hanging low over the horizon. When the turn was completed he noticed that the object had turned too. It was still directly over his left. There was absolutely no doubt that the orange light was shadowing the F-84s. For another 10 minutes, it followed the jets without changing direction or appearance. The pilots watched as four small yellow discs broke away from the large red object and took up a formation on either side of it. All at once the large luminous disc shot vertically upward while the smaller discs shot straight towards the F-84s. In an instant the flat disc sp ed overhead in a hazy blur and vanished. When Cpt Ferriera was questioned by Portuguese Air Force Investigators he was quoted as sayingPlease dont come out with the old explanation that we were being chased by the planet Venus, weather balloons, or freak atmospheric conditions. What we saw up there was real and intelligently controlled. And it scared the hell out of us. (32) This is only one of literally hundreds of pilot accounts that have been documented and cross verified by other sources. To date the Portuguese Government has taken no official position as to what the luminous discs were. The United States has had more than its fair share of unexplained aerial objects. In February of 1960 the N.A.A.D.S. (North American Air Defense System) spotted a satellite of unknown origin orbiting the Earth. They knew that it snt a Soviet satellite because it was orbiting perpendicular to trajectory produced by a Soviet launch. It also had a mass estimated at 15 metric tons, no evidence of bo oster rockets and traveled at speed three times faster than any known satellite. The satellite orbited for two weeks and disappeared without a trace. Before its disappearance, the object which appeared to give off a red glow, was photographed over New York several times (Jackson 19). Lights in the sky arent the only evidence that suggests we may have cosmic company. In the book A History of UFO Crashes, the author Kevin D. Randal gives detailed accounts of numerous UFO crashes in history. Perhaps the most famous of these crashes occurred on July 4th, 1947 in Roswell New Mexico. The crash at Roswell was witnessed from afar by over a hundred people. Until just recently, no one who was involved in the recovery operation was talking, but thanks to continued pressure from UFO enthusiast our government has begun to declassify much of its UFO related material. Perhaps more startling are than the government documents are the accounts given by local police and members of the recovery team. A ccording to one unnamed witness, a member of the Roswell recovery team: The crash site was littered with pieces of aircraft. Something about the size of a fighter plane had crashed, the metal was unlike anything Id ever seen before. I picked up a piece the size of a car fender with one hand, it couldnt have more than a quarter of a pound and no matter how hard I tried I couldnt even get it to bend. (10) In my opinion the most fascinating piece of evidence to come out of the Roswell crash is the alien autopsy film. Apparently there was more than bits and pieces of spaceship recovered at Roswell. There is an Air Force video account of an autopsy being performed on a life form that doesnt share the common characteristics of organ development found in life forms on this planet. The film is silent and labeled Autopsy, Roswell, July 1947 (Randal 17). As difficult as the Roswell evidence is to explain or discount it pales in comparison to the physical evidence left by our ancestors. An Ill ustration taken from a Nuremburg Broadsheet Tells how men and women saw a very frightful spectacle. At sunrise April 14th, 1561 globes, crosses and tubes began to fight one another, the event continued for about an hour. Afterward they fell to ground in flames, minutes later a black, spear like object appeared. In a Basal Broadsheet dated August 7th, 1566 large black and white globes are seen over Dasel, Switzerland. Both events occurred in a time period when there should have nothing more than birds and bees filling our skies. They each considered to be Divine warnings at the time (Gould 95-96). Ancient physical evidence isnt limited to newspaper illustration and sketches on cave wall. Perhaps the most stounding and unexplainable pieces of physical evidence are a pair of geodes. Both are believed to be approximately 1,800 years old and when carefully examined were identified as electrical cells. One of the cells which was discovered in Iraq was tested and produced 2 volts of electr icity. The other, which was discovered by a pair of Arizona rock hounds, was damaged when the sedimentary encrustation was being removed and therefore couldnt be tested Montgomery 221). Since the dawn of time man has told stories of heavenly and demonic beings coming to rule, teach, torment, seduce and provide salvation. Every culture has myths of ancient gods who strode through the heavens. The American Indians had the cachinas who taught them to farm and saved them from numerous cataclysms. Greece had Zeus who threw lightning bolts from his finger tips and Apollo crossed the sky in his golden chariot. The Christians have Ecclesiastes who encountered the ant people and rode through the skies with them from Babylon to Israel. Across the entire globe we find drawings on cave walls that resemble men in space suits and objects that greatly resemble flying saucers. The sacred artwork of the Hopi Indian when is without a doubt a representation of the waves produced by modern day oscillos copes (Montgomery 225-237). The Hopis are also native to the area where one of the electrical cells were found. It could be that these things are no more than mere coincidence, but I doubt it. Man in his arrogance is reluctant to believe that we may share Gods vast, glorious universe with other beings of intelligence. We sometimes fail to realize that if the Earth were a day old, the race of man would only have been here for 13 minutes. If you couple that with the fact that there are Black Holes and White Dwarfs millions of years older than our sun, it increases the improbability that we are the only ones out here. In the preceding text I have produced a limited sampling of the volumes of evidence available. I will close this paper on a quote from Ecclesiastes I:9 there is no new thing under the sun, and that includes intelligent life. 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